Wrong answers analysis

1. Roots are essential to the development of large plants because they provide a means of anchoring and maintaining are upright position.Most land plants are literally rooted to the spot.Roots also play a key role in water and nutrient acquisition.More significantly still, roots have a tremendous impact on the environment. They can break up rock, bind loose particles together, and prov idea conduit for the movement of water and dissolved minerals,all of which are essential to the development of soils.

In paragraph 1，which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the ways in which roots contribute to the development of soils? A.Holding loose soil particles together
B.Releasing minerals into the
C.Soil Splitting apart rock
D.Helping transport water in the soil

阅读到：Roots also play a key role in water and nutrient acquisition.可以猜测接下来文章要讲述roots的作用了。

More significantly still, roots have a tremendous impact on the environment. 具体到roots对环境的影响，虽然缩小了作用范围但是environment这个词还是很抽象，也不是题目的答案。因此猜测接下来要具象化。

1.They can break up rock(粉碎岩石，对应 C.Soil Splitting apart rock),

2.bind loose particles together(把松散的颗粒结合起来，对应选项A.Holding loose soil particles together),

3.and prov idea conduit for the movement of water and dissolved minerals,(为水和溶解的矿物质的运动提供了一种思路, ==这句话有些抽象，考题故意这样写==，但表述的核心是movement of水和溶解的矿物质。 因此 D.Helping transport water in the soil符合这个核心)

#d 错误原因 在最初阅读时我选择了C，对于B.Releasing minerals into the，这是我对原文的误导，我看到了dissolved minerals就认为是roots的作用。 实际上原文的意思是movement of water and dissolved minerals，这些minerals是已经被分解后的minerals,并不是树根分解的。 当然，回到常识，矿物质是由微生物分解产生，仍然和树根无关。

#t 如何规避 抓住原文的表述，防止被误导

4. By the Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous eras (385 to 300 million years ago), an enormous variety of rooting structures had evolved.The evolution of large erect plants, and in particular trees,placed increasing demands upon the anchoring and supply functions of roots.These problems were solved mainly through the development of more extensive underground systems.The evolution of the cambium, the layer of living cells between wood and bark,enabled continuous perennial growth and long-term survival of roots in soils.

The following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as having evolved by the Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous eras EXCEPT

• A.a large number of different root systems
• B.trees and other tall plants
• C.a layer of cells that enabled continuous
• D.plant growth plants that grew mainly underground

第一句的最后 an enormous variety of rooting structures had evolved.说明了进化出了大量多样的根的结构，即 A.a large number of different root systems

第二句，The evolution of ==large== ==erect== plants, erect竖直的，直立的 大型直立植物的进化。(目前似乎信息还不足以说明其他选项，尽管B十分接近，那么继续看）

and ==in particular trees==,placed increasing demands upon the anchoring and supply functions of roots.

anchor 锚定，抛锚；使扎根，使基于 并且特别是树木，对根系的锚定和供给功能提出了越来越高的要求。 结合来看，第二句提到了大型植物(tall plants)以及树木(trees),完全切合B.trees and other tall plants

第三句 These problems were solved mainly through the development of more extensive underground systems. 说明植物进化了超额的地下系统来解决上述问题：根系的锚定和供给功能

第四句 The evolution of the cambium, the layer of living cells between wood and bark,enabled continuous perennial growth and long-term survival of roots in soils.

the cambium：[植物]形成层；新生组织 wood and bark 木头和树皮 perennial 多年生的；永久的；四季不断的 形成层是木材和树皮之间的一层活细胞，形成层的进化使土壤中的根能够连续多年生长和长期存活。 强调的是一层细胞，对应C.a layer of cells that enabled continuous

因此答案是D.plant growth plants that grew mainly underground没有被提到。

#d 错误原因 特别注意，在第三句“说明植物进化了超额的地下系统来解决上述问题：根系的锚定和供给功能”是对前文中植物需求的解释，是进化出根的地下系统，不是植物主要长在地下。

Background information

mundane (adj.)

#d mundane中文 世俗的，平凡的，普通的

#d mundane 解释1 “Mundane” is an adjective used to describe things that are ordinary, commonplace, or lacking excitement or interest. It refers to things that are routine, everyday, and not out of the ordinary.

#d How-to-use mundane 解释1 For example, doing household chores like cleaning, laundry, and cooking are often considered mundane tasks because they are routine and not particularly exciting.

#e mundane 例子1 mundane 解释1 After traveling to exotic locations, she found it difficult to return to her mundane daily routine.

#e mundane 例子2 mundane 解释1 The job may seem mundane, but it provides stability and a steady income.

anchoring (n.)

#d anchoring中文 锚定，定锚

#d anchoring 解释1 “Anchoring” is a noun that refers to the action of securing or fastening something firmly in place by using an anchor. It is commonly associated with boats and ships, where an anchor is dropped into the water to keep the vessel from drifting.

#d anchoring 解释2 In a psychological context, “anchoring” also refers to a cognitive bias where people rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive (the “anchor”) when making decisions or judgments.

#d How-to-use anchoring 解释1 For example, when a ship reaches its desired location, the crew will perform anchoring by lowering the anchor to the seabed to prevent the ship from moving.

#d How-to-use anchoring 解释2 In negotiations, someone may use anchoring by starting with an extreme initial offer, hoping to influence the final agreement in their favor.

#e anchoring 例子1 anchoring 解释1 The captain ordered the crew to prepare for anchoring as they approached the harbor.

#e anchoring 例子2 anchoring 解释2 In a car dealership, the salesman used anchoring by first suggesting a high price for the car to set a reference point for negotiation.

Devonian

“Devonian” 是指地质历史上的一个时期，也称为”泥盆纪”，它是地质年代表中的一个段落。泥盆纪跨越了约4.19亿年前到3.59亿年前，属于古生代的一部分。以下是一些关于泥盆纪的重要信息：

1. 时间范围：泥盆纪持续了大约6000万年，位于古生代的中期，介于奥陶纪和石炭纪之间。
2. 命名：泥盆纪的名称来源于英国康沃尔郡的地层，当地的矿工和地质学家首次研究了这个时期的岩石层，因此命名为”Devonian”，以纪念当地的地理特征。
3. 地质事件：泥盆纪是地球上生物多样性迅速扩展的时期之一。陆地植被开始出现，第一种真正的四足动物（脊椎动物）也在这个时期出现。此外，鱼类的多样性也在泥盆纪迅速增加，包括一些著名的鱼类如肺鱼。
4. 大陆漂移：泥盆纪期间，大陆漂移也在进行中。在泥盆纪初期，大陆大致位于一个超级大陆”劳伦蒂亚”上，后来分裂成了几个不同的陆块。
5. 沉积岩层：泥盆纪的地层中有大量的沉积岩层，如页岩、石灰岩和砂岩。这些岩层中保存着丰富的化石记录，有助于科学家了解当时的生物和环境。 总的来说，泥盆纪是地球生物和地质历史上一个重要的时期，标志着生物多样性的显著增加和地质事件的发生。了解泥盆纪有助于我们更好地理解地球演化和古代生物的演变。