TPO40-1 **Ancient Athens**

雅典的背景

One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. was the rise of the polis(古希腊的城邦), or city-state(城邦), and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances. The problems that were faced and solved in Athens(雅典（希腊首都）) were the sharing of political power between the established aristocracy and the emerging other classes, and the adjustment of aristocratic ways of life to the ways of life of the new polis. It was the harmonious blending of all of these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens.

雅典民主兴起的影响

Entering the polis age, Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek protodemocratic states: an assembly of adult males, an aristocratic council, and annually elected officials. Within this traditional framework the Athenians, between 600 B.C. and 450 B. C., evolved what Greeks regarded as a fully fledged democratic constitution, though the right to vote was given to fewer groups of people than is seen in modem times.

削弱贵族的进程

The first steps toward change were taken by Solon(梭伦,雅典立法家) in 594 B. C.，when he broke the aristocracy’s stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, (列举削弱贵族的措施)abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases. (进一步削弱)The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century by the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny, which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us). The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens’ first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region.（继任者继续削弱的三措施） By the end of the century, the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B C a new reformer, Cleisthenes(克里斯提尼, 雅典政治家), gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already under way.

新民主政体构成

Cleisthenes’ principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. Out of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population. From the demes, by either election or selection, came 500 members of a new council, 6,000 jurors for the courts, 10 generals, and hundreds of commissioners. The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and me courts, which took care of most judicial matters. Various committees acted as an executive branch, implementing policies of the assembly and supervising, for instance, the food and water supplies and public buildings. This wide-scale participation by the citizenry in the government distinguished the democratic form of the Athenian polis from other, less liberal forms.

克利斯提尼的改革的影响

The effect of Cleisthenes’ reforms was to establish the superiority of the Athenian community as a whole over local institutions without destroying them. National politics rather than local or deme politics became the focal point. At the same time, entry into national politics began at the deme level and gave local loyalty a new focus: Athens itself. Over the next two centuries the implications of Cleisthenes’ reforms were fully exploited.

雅典民主的历史评价

During the fifth century B. C. the council of 500 was extremely influential in shaping policy. In the next century, however, it was the mature assembly that took on decision-making responsibility. By any measure other than that of the aristocrats (不管以什么标准来衡量，除了贵族阶层), who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior “people,” the Athenian democracy was a stunning success. Never before, or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance. It was precisely this opportunity to participate in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek culture.

雅典改革后的民主政治结构

注意：这里出现了demes行政组织的构成（by either election or selection）

500人组成新议会，6000名法庭陪审，10名将军，数百名委员。

The assembly 公民议会 在所有事务上都是至高无上的，具有最高权力。公民议会将权力下放给

The council 城邦议会，负责为公民议会准备议程。

意义：城邦议会通常由精英公民组成，代表了更有影响力的社会阶层。

职责：城邦议会的职责包括提出法案、监督政府、管理财政事务以及在紧急情况下制定政策。议会成员通常通过选举或抽签产生。

courts 法院，负责处理大多数司法事务。

意义：古希腊城邦的法院是司法体系的一部分，负责解决纠纷、审理刑事案件和确保法律的执行。

职责：法院的主要职责是审判案件，根据城邦的法律和法规来裁决。法院的判决通常由一群陪审员或法官来做出

committees 委员会，作为行政部门，执行议会政策,

意义：委员会是由公民大会或议会指定的小组，负责处理特定事务或问题。

职责：委员会的职责包括研究和讨论政策建议、准备法案、解决问题、监督项目的进展等。委员会的成员通常是有专业知识或经验的公民。

题目分析

paragraph 1

One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. was the rise of the polis, or city-state, and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances. The problems that were faced and solved in Athens were the sharing of political power between the established aristocracy and the emerging other classes, and the adjustment of aristocratic ways of life to the ways of life of the new polis. It was the harmonious blending of all of these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens.

1. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about the Greek city- states? 【事实信息题】

A. Most city-states followed the model provided by Athens.

B. Most city-states were based on aristocratic rule.

C. Different types of government and organization were used by different city- states.

D. By 500 B C. the city-states were no longer powerful.

答案：C

解析：根据原文and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances.可知每一个城邦都发展了一套适用于自己的政府系统，其中，each polis对应C选项中的different city- states; was appropriate to its circumstances 对应C选项中的different types of government and organization所以C选项正确。

A和B中的Most一定要注意，使用绝对的词很可能是错误选项，因为极有可能夸大事实

Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points. 【概要小结题】

Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text

Between 600 B.C. and 450 B.C., Athens changed the distribution of political power between the aristocracy and ordinary citizens.

A. The rise of the city-state put enormous pressure on the aristocracy to change its traditional way of life to make it appear more in harmony with the values of classical Athenian culture.

B. The aristocrats staged elaborate festivals that focused attention on Athens instead of the surrounding villages.（细节，排除）

C. Cleisthenes’ reforms reduced aristocratic power by reorganizing the citizen body and changing the entry points to civic life so that political power did not rely on traditional family and clan structures.（来源，第四段）

D. The aristocracy’s monopoly on political power ended with Solon’s reforms, and its political influence was further eroded by the centralization of administration under the tyrants.（来源：第三段）

E. Cleisthenes gave each tribe an equal number of council members, jurors, generals, and commissioners. （细节，排除）

F. Over time, as the all-citizen assembly took on more and more of the actual exercise of political power, ordinary citizens participated in public life more fully than ever before.（来源：第五段）

harmonious	和睦的，融洽的；悦耳的；和谐的
aristocracy	贵族，贵族阶级
blending of all of these elements	混合了所有这些元素

protodemocratic	原民主党
assembly	议会，代表大会
council	委员会，理事会
fledged	成熟的；羽毛丰满的
constitution	宪法，章程

stranglehold	束缚；勒颈
tyranny	暴虐，专横；暴君统治
（尤指古希腊）僭主统治，僭王统治
interim	暂时的，过渡期间的
Peisistratids	行政长官
coinage	硬币，金属货币
at the expense of	以… 为代价
embellishing	修饰，美化

demes	古希腊行政单位；[生态]同类群
point of entry	入境点：指进入一个国家或地区的正式入境口岸或通道
delegated	授权；委托；下放（权利）
sovereign	有主权的；至高无上的权力的；首要的；
subordinate	部属，下级

superiority	优越，优势；优越感
focal point	焦点
implications	（可能带来的）影响，暗示；蕴含
fledged	成熟的；羽毛丰满的

supposedly inferior	被认为是劣等的
stunning success	惊人的成功
unfolding	展开，打开；透露，展现；逐渐明朗